Biological scientists using technology manipulate the genetic material of animals or plants, attempting to make organisms more productive or resistant to disease. Many other substances not previously available in large quantities are starting to be produced by biotechnological means; and some may be useful in treating cancer and other diseases.

Today, many biological scientists are involved in biotechnology. Those who work on the Human Genome Project continue to isolate genes and determine their functionality. This work continues to lead to the discovery of the genes associated with specific diseases and inherited traits, such as certain types of cancer or obesity.